![]() ![]() ![]() Included within each domain were the normal and abnormal trait scales from existing alternative models. This model consisted of emotional dysregulation versus emotional stability, extraversion versus introversion, antagonism versus compliance, and constraint versus impulsivity. 9 In a subsequent DSM-5 research planning conference devoted to shifting the PDs toward a dimensional classification, Widiger and Simonsen 17 proposed a four-dimensional model in an effort to find a common ground among the major alternatives. 16 The members of this work group focused in particular on the dimensional models of Livesley, 11 Clark and Watson, 12 Cloninger, 10 and the FFM. The first DSM-5 research planning conference 8 included a work group whose task was to lay the conceptual groundwork for the eventual development of a dimensional model of personality disorder. The text of DSM-IV-TR 2 makes reference to dimensions from six alternative models: (i) the five domains of the FFM, consisting of neuroticism versus emotional stability, extraversion versus introversion, openness versus closedness to experience, agreeableness versus antagonism, and conscientiousness versus undependability 9 (ii) Cloninger's 10 seven-dimensional model (four temperaments of harm avoidance, novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence, along with three character traits of self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendance) (iii) the four-factor model of Livesley,“ consisting of emotional dysregulation, dissocial behavior, inhibitedness, and compulsivity (iv) the three-factor model of Clark and Watson, 12, 13 consisting of negative affectivity, positive affectivity, and constraint (v) the interpersonal circumplex dimensions of agency and communion 14 and (vi) the three polarities (ie, self-other, active-passive, and pleasure-pain) proposed by Millon. 8 “We have decided that one, if not the major difference, between DSM-IV and DSM-5 will be the more prominent use of dimensional measures.” 3, p649įrances 6 had asked not only when, but which dimensional model should be used. 7 It has now been almost 20 years since DSM-IV, and the primary coordinators of the forthcoming fifth edition of the diagnostic manual are embracing a shift of the entire manual toward a dimensional classification. Frances was at that time the Chair of the forthcoming DSM-IV. 5 Frances 6 had suggested that the switch to a dimensional model was not a matter of “whether, but when and which” (p 110). ![]() In a survey of members of the International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders and the Association for Research on Personality Disorders, 80% of respondents indicated that “personality disorders are better understood as variants of normal personality than as categorical disease entities.” 1, p542 Indeed, the diagnosis and classification of personality disorder within the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR 2) is shifting toward a more dimensional model of classification 3, 1 and perhaps in particular, the five-factor model (FFM) of general personality structure.
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